Consulting activities for the sensitivity analysis on the main macro-economic drivers and for the macro-economic assessment regarding the scenarios on climate and energy policies.

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Dojran Lake, situated in the south-eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia, is a natural, relict Mediterranean lake, monument of nature, Balkan Green Belt, CORINE and Ramsar site. The lake hosts several endemic species and subspecies of fish and invertebrates and many protected bird species. The lake and surrounding swamps are important habitat for migratory species. Besides its rich biodiversity and significant habitat value on the one side and serious water quality problems connected to the water level decrease and eutrophication on the other, proper management plan is missing for this area. The “Integrated Water Resources Management at Dojran Lake” project proposes to strengthen links between the international research community and local policy-makers to enhance the resilience of the system through promotion of sustainable agricultural and fishery practices and related governance and institutional systems. By analysing and understanding the biophysical (availability of water, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems), socio-economic (demography, land-use) and institutional (agricultural and environmental policies, governance systems, stakeholders roles) dimensions of integrated water resource management, we would identify innovative practices and tools for efficient use of water resources (agriculture and fishery) and the conservation and valorisation of biodiversity. The project will also explore the opportunity to develop financial mechanisms for their implementation such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) at Dojran lake. At this regard a specific focus will be placed on the role tourism is playing now and in the near future. This project will bring together local self-government officials and relevant stakeholders of the community, discussing and

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Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity, and effective action depends on high-quality information on greenhouse gas sources and sinks. Such information must be usable, accessible, effective and interoperable, so that governments, citizens, businesses and civil society can make informed decisions in response to the climate crisis. The JOHN project — Joint Operations for monitoring antHropogenic and Natural GHG emissions and sinks — supports this need by strengthening the value chains that connect observations, data synthesis, analysis and reporting. Today, global knowledge of climate-controlling greenhouse gas cycles relies on a complex network of local, national and continental programmes, including those contributing to the Global Carbon Project. Although these systems provide authoritative annual information on the global carbon cycle, some of their underlying value chains are fragile or declining in quality. JOHN will contribute to the transformation of these systems, also in view of the WMO Global Greenhouse Gas Watch. The project will audit the current observing system, including governance and financial arrangements, identify barriers to improved performance, scan emerging technologies that can reduce costs, deliver practical improvements to existing value chains, and develop action plans for long-term transformation aligned with future funding opportunities.

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The JPI Climate is an European initiative contributing to the overall EU objective of building the European Research Area through enhanced cooperation and coordination of national research programmes on Climate Change.

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The project aims at more sustainable production processes of the 3 local agricultural companies involved through the innovative analysis of the production process, known as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), based on the latest research in the national and international field of which the CMCC is a leader in the local context.

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The LIFE PRIMES project aims to build resilient communities through their engagement and proactive participation in the operations of early warning and flood risk prevention measures.

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Recognizing the central role played by snow, ice and permafrost in the global climate system, the LIQUIDICE project joins expert cryospheric observers and modelers to: i) comprehensively re-assess the past and future century-plus of climate-induced high impact changes to the Greenland ice sheet and climate vulnerable locations across the Alps, Norway, High Mountain Asia (HMA) and Svalbard, including permafrost areas and their ecosystems; ii) develop new, expanded and harmonized data from satellite Earth Observation (EO) and ground stations; iii) use these data to improve and test a hierarchy of ice sheet and glacier models with Earth System Models (ESMs); iv) through these steps, yield new process understanding, and ultimately v) inform water resource, hydropower, and socio-economic strategies through clear and transparent communication of results and uncertainties. The project’s strengths lie in new multidisciplinary collaborations across 18 research institutions, from eight European countries (Poland, Italy, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom) and India, encompassing expertise in field observations, satellite EO techniques, ESM development and application, and socio-economic analysis. Key deliverables include a) FAIR-principled new multi-decade data catalogues of multi-regional snow water equivalent and a 44-year EO-derived albedo record; b) assessments of impact of model resolution and degree of coupling on results; c) refined past and future glacier, ice cap and Greenland ice sheet freshwater fluxes to oceans and global sea level rise with indirect constraint on Antarctica; d) new hydrological simulations for HMA; e) a new framework for a Water Discharge Impact Assessments; f) socio-economic integrated risk and adaptation assessments;

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LUC4C will advance our fundamental knowledge of the interactions between climate change and landuse change, and in doing so develop a framework for the synthesis of complex earth system science into guidelines that are of practical use for policy and societal stakeholders.

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The global M4G project aims to provide a comprehensive framework for socio-economic energy-climate modelling in support of EU climate and energy policies and the transition to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

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The increase in the frequency of critical meteorological events, observed in recent years in our country, calls for an expanding research effort to support the enhancement of resilience in the Italian national electrical system. In this context, it becomes imperative to identify high-risk areas, where network infrastructures are particularly exposed to such events. This analysis serves as a foundation for implementing targeted interventions aimed at preventing and reducing the risks of power interruptions. To achieve this goal, climatic data will be evaluated with a convection-permitting resolution, recently made available by the CMCC Foundation for Italy. Additionally, post-processing methods will be developed to make this information usable in Terna’s decision-making systems, further optimizing their effectiveness

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MAR-CO2 aims to develop fit-for-purpose MRV systems for mCDR, enabling safe, verifiable, and sustainable climate mitigation. The project’s core objective is to co-design, refine, and test MRV tools to quantify carbon removal additionality and durability, and assess ecological risks and co-benefits, along with the governance frameworks needed to ensure transparency, fairness, and public trust. These tools are tested in real-world conditions, moving beyond lab-scale studies to assess feasibility in the context of operational mCDR through industry partnerships. MAR-CO2 integrates interdisciplinary expertise from the fields of oceanography, modelling, ecology, social science, and governance, enabling the investigation of mCDR as a complex and interconnected human-environment system rather than simply a technological one. Advanced observational technology, experimental approaches, and multi-dimensional modelling help build a comprehensive understanding of mCDR and its impacts, and are used to develop a novel Digital Twin platform for simulating mCDR “what if” scenarios. Social perceptions are regularly queried and governance systems stress-tested to ensure MRV tools are socially just and governable. A co-design approach is deeply embedded in the project, with stakeholder mapping, public deliberation, and governance scenario stress-testing ensuring that the MRV systems developed in MAR-CO2 balance scientific rigor, accuracy, and equity with resource efficiency, governability, and transparency. MAR-CO2 contributes to EU climate leadership by supporting the integration of mCDR into climate strategies (e.g., CRCF, EU ETS), aligning with biodiversity protection goals, and advancing the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. By interfacing a team of prominent scientists with diverse public-sector and governance actors, and by using industry-led

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